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- Documentation version: 1.1.x
Application Dispatching¶
Application dispatching is the process of combining multiple Flask applications on the WSGI level. You can combine not only Flask applications but any WSGI application. This would allow you to run a Django and a Flask application in the same interpreter side by side if you want. The usefulness of this depends on how the applications work internally.
The fundamental difference from the module approach is that in this case you are running the same or different Flask applications that are entirely isolated from each other. They run different configurations and are dispatched on the WSGI level.
Working with this Document¶
Each of the techniques and examples below results in an application object
that can be run with any WSGI server. For production, see Deployment Options.
For development, Werkzeug provides a builtin server for development available
at werkzeug.serving.run_simple():
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
run_simple('localhost', 5000, application, use_reloader=True)
Note that run_simple is not intended for
use in production. Use a full-blown WSGI server.
In order to use the interactive debugger, debugging must be enabled both on
the application and the simple server. Here is the “hello world” example with
debugging and run_simple:
from flask import Flask
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
run_simple('localhost', 5000, app,
use_reloader=True, use_debugger=True, use_evalex=True)
Combining Applications¶
If you have entirely separated applications and you want them to work next
to each other in the same Python interpreter process you can take
advantage of the werkzeug.wsgi.DispatcherMiddleware. The idea
here is that each Flask application is a valid WSGI application and they
are combined by the dispatcher middleware into a larger one that is
dispatched based on prefix.
For example you could have your main application run on / and your
backend interface on /backend:
from werkzeug.middleware.dispatcher import DispatcherMiddleware
from frontend_app import application as frontend
from backend_app import application as backend
application = DispatcherMiddleware(frontend, {
'/backend': backend
})
Dispatch by Subdomain¶
Sometimes you might want to use multiple instances of the same application with different configurations. Assuming the application is created inside a function and you can call that function to instantiate it, that is really easy to implement. In order to develop your application to support creating new instances in functions have a look at the Application Factories pattern.
A very common example would be creating applications per subdomain. For instance you configure your webserver to dispatch all requests for all subdomains to your application and you then use the subdomain information to create user-specific instances. Once you have your server set up to listen on all subdomains you can use a very simple WSGI application to do the dynamic application creation.
The perfect level for abstraction in that regard is the WSGI layer. You write your own WSGI application that looks at the request that comes and delegates it to your Flask application. If that application does not exist yet, it is dynamically created and remembered:
from threading import Lock
class SubdomainDispatcher(object):
def __init__(self, domain, create_app):
self.domain = domain
self.create_app = create_app
self.lock = Lock()
self.instances = {}
def get_application(self, host):
host = host.split(':')[0]
assert host.endswith(self.domain), 'Configuration error'
subdomain = host[:-len(self.domain)].rstrip('.')
with self.lock:
app = self.instances.get(subdomain)
if app is None:
app = self.create_app(subdomain)
self.instances[subdomain] = app
return app
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
app = self.get_application(environ['HTTP_HOST'])
return app(environ, start_response)
This dispatcher can then be used like this:
from myapplication import create_app, get_user_for_subdomain
from werkzeug.exceptions import NotFound
def make_app(subdomain):
user = get_user_for_subdomain(subdomain)
if user is None:
# if there is no user for that subdomain we still have
# to return a WSGI application that handles that request.
# We can then just return the NotFound() exception as
# application which will render a default 404 page.
# You might also redirect the user to the main page then
return NotFound()
# otherwise create the application for the specific user
return create_app(user)
application = SubdomainDispatcher('example.com', make_app)
Dispatch by Path¶
Dispatching by a path on the URL is very similar. Instead of looking at
the Host header to figure out the subdomain one simply looks at the
request path up to the first slash:
from threading import Lock
from werkzeug.wsgi import pop_path_info, peek_path_info
class PathDispatcher(object):
def __init__(self, default_app, create_app):
self.default_app = default_app
self.create_app = create_app
self.lock = Lock()
self.instances = {}
def get_application(self, prefix):
with self.lock:
app = self.instances.get(prefix)
if app is None:
app = self.create_app(prefix)
if app is not None:
self.instances[prefix] = app
return app
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
app = self.get_application(peek_path_info(environ))
if app is not None:
pop_path_info(environ)
else:
app = self.default_app
return app(environ, start_response)
The big difference between this and the subdomain one is that this one
falls back to another application if the creator function returns None:
from myapplication import create_app, default_app, get_user_for_prefix
def make_app(prefix):
user = get_user_for_prefix(prefix)
if user is not None:
return create_app(user)
application = PathDispatcher(default_app, make_app)